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The following are pairs of words that are often mistaken for one another, as well as a few individual words that are frequently misused.
Adverse/Averse
- Adverse: harmful, unfavourable, acting in opposition
- Averse: having a feeling of distaste, opposition, or aversion; strongly disinclined
Affect/Effect
- Affect: (as a verb) influence; change, imitate/adopt something (i.e., accents, styles of dress); (as a noun) emotion expressed in body language and facial expression
- Effect: (as a noun) the result of an agent or cause, an impression; (as a verb) cause to occur
Altogether/All Together
- Altogether: entirely, totally, completely, utterly
- All together: Refers to a group experiencing something simultaneously or performing a collective action
Assure/Ensure/Insure
- Assure: remove doubt, make certain, give confidence, reassure, promise
- Ensure: make certain, guarantee
- Insure: arrange, provide, or acquire insurance for; make secure
Auger/Augur
- Auger: tool used to bore holes in ice or wood; drill bit; earth-boring machine with helical shaft; rotating helical shaft that is used for conveying material (i.e., part of a snow blower); (as a verb) bore a hole using an auger
- Augur: (as a verb) predict, foretell, serve as an omen or sign; (as a noun) prophet, seer, soothsayer
Capital/Capitol
- Capital: (as a noun) city or town with official seat of government within a given political entity (i.e., nation or state); city that is an activity hub or center; money, property, other resources; net worth of a business; advantage or asset; (as an adjective) excellent, first-rate; punishable by death (i.e., capital offense); involving the use of wealth for investment
- Capitol: building or building complex where state legislature/U.S. Congress meets
Complement/Compliment
- Complement: complete, make whole, balance
- Compliment: (as a noun) expression of admiration, congratulation, or praise; formal act of courtesy, civility, or respect (compliments – good wishes or regard); (as a verb) praise, flatter
Console/Consul
- Console: control panel for a piece of electronic equipment; TV or audio system cabinet
- Consul: government-appointed official who resides in a foreign country to represent her own government’s commercial interests and citizens
Counsel/Council
- Counsel: (as a noun) guidance, advice; the act of exchanging ideas and opinions; (as a verb) advise, give counsel, recommend
- Council: assembly whose purpose is consultation or discussion; advisory or legislative body
Discreet/Discrete
- Discreet: exercising wise self-restraint or prudence in behaviour and speech
- Discrete: separate or distinct
Enervate/Energize
- Enervate: destroy or weaken the vitality or strength of something
- Energize: invigorate, excite
Fewer/Less
- Fewer: used for things that can be counted as individual units (i.e., people, trees, kilometres, minutes)
- Less: used for things that cannot be counted as individual units (i.e., time, distance, sugar, water)
Flammable/Inflammable
- Flammable: easily ignited, able to burn rapidly
- Inflammable: means the same as flammable, but many people mistakenly assume that this word means “not flammable”
Flaunt/Flout
- Flaunt: exhibit shamelessly or ostentatiously
- Flout: show scorn or contempt
Incredible/Incredulous
- Incredible: sufficiently implausible to cause disbelief, extraordinary
- Incredulous: doubtful, sceptical, disbelieving (does not mean difficult or impossible to believe)
Irregardless
- Not actually a real word, but rather a casual hybrid of irrespective and regardless
Its/It’s
- Its: the possessive form (The butterfly spread its wings.)
- It’s: It is – (It’s raining today.)
Literally
- Refers to something accurate, factual, and exact, but is often misused in figurative expressions (i.e., He ate so much food that he literally had to roll home.)
Penultimate
- Second to last – often mistakenly used in place of “ultimate”
Precipitate/Precipitous
- Precipitate: hurl downward (usually from great height); cause to happen prematurely or suddenly, condense and fall from the sky (i.e., rain); be separated as a solid from a solution
- Precipitous: steep, sheer, resembling a precipice, having several precipices
Prescribe/Proscribe
- Prescribe: impose or direct, set down as a guide or rule, order to be used (i.e., prescribe antibiotics), establish laws or rules
- Proscribe: prohibit, forbid, denounce, condemn, banish, outlaw
Principal/Principle
- Principal: (as an adjective) first or highest in rank, degree, worth, or importance; (as a noun) a person who holds the highest rank (i.e., school principal); financial holding that does not include revenue or interest; sum of money that is owed, on which interest must be calculated
- Principle: basic truth, standard, or rule
Seasonal/Seasonable
- Seasonal: dependent on or belonging to a specific season, occurring only during that season
- Seasonable: appropriate to a given season (i.e., clothing such as scarves in winter)
Sensual/Sensuous
- Sensual: related to and/or providing gratification for physical appetites (particularly sexual)
- Sensuous: means the same as sensual but more often refers to senses involved in aesthetic enjoyment (i.e., music or art)
Unexceptionable/Unexceptional
- Unexceptionable: beyond reasonable objection, irreproachable
- Unexceptional: usual, normal
Wherefore
- Means “why” or “for what purpose,” but is often mistakenly believed to be a synonym for “where”
See also The Most Beautiful Words in the English Language and Intelligent Words for Eloquent Writing.
Reference:
- Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. (2004). 100 Words Almost Everyone Confuses & Misuses. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin Company.
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